Modern Times

Diego Rivera, Still Life  1916

The objects depicted in this painting include a flask, a wine glass, a soda dispenser, a book and a tin of milk on a table. He also included his signature and the date of the painting on the milk label (‘DR/anno 16’). Rivera applied paint in different ways to create a variety of textures in the work. As a young painter in Paris, Rivera embraced cubism, a way of showing different viewpoints in a single painting. In the 1920s, he would go on make large mural paintings. He said he had not abandoned cubism but was ‘following the natural evolution’ of the style.

Gallery label, September 2019

Juan Gris, Pierrot with Book  1924

Although this painting is resolutely figurative, it is strongly influenced by Cubism. Pierrot’s upper body is neatly framed within the architectural framework of the window behind him and the depiction of his face combines a frontal and sideways perspective. The greatly exaggerated hands contrast with the impression of daintiness given by Pierrot’s cupid-bow mouth and the soft pastel hues employed by Gris.

Gallery label, September 2004

Albert Gleizes, Painting  1921

Gleizes’s abstract paintings often keep strong links with subject matter that inspired them. Here the image may be based on a female head, possibly that of the artist’s wife. Gleizes was a pacifist but was conscripted into the French army in the First World War. Deeply affected by this experience, he became gravely concerned with the future of society. He thought artists could help create a better world, not just by making beautiful things but by offering new ways of looking.

Gallery label, January 2019

Lionel Wendt, Untitled  after 1934

This photograph is a vintage print by Sri Lankan photographer Lionel Wendt. It presents a solarised study of the male form, printed in an unusually large format. The figure is cropped at mid-thigh and mid-head, indicating that it is less a portrait than a formal figure study. Wendt produced several series of formal figurative studies, largely male and some female. His interest in Ceylonese dance and music led him to document Kandian dancers as well as scenes of everyday life, and some of the subjects are known to have become regular models. His attitude towards the human form was informed by classical Greco-Roman poses and statuary, the figures selected for their defined musculature and idealised bodies. In photographs set outdoors they are combined with local references, while in more intimate studio images the subjects are in staged and formal poses, often with selected props.

György Kepes, Lace Heart Doilies  c.1939–40

This is one of a large group of photograms and studies in modernist photography in Tate’s collection by the Hungarian-born photographer, painter, designer, teacher and writer, Gyorgy Kepes (see Tate P80532–P80568, T13973–T13975). They date from 1938 to the early 1940s and were made in the United States, where Kepes had emigrated in 1937. Kepes made his earliest photograms in Budapest, taking nature as his starting point, directly recording the process without a camera onto photosensitized surfaces. In the late 1920s Kepes joined the Berlin studio of the Hungarian artist and modernist photographer László Moholy-Nagy (1895–1946). Moholy-Nagy had been a teacher at the Bauhaus School in Germany and was one of the principals in promoting the values of the Bauhaus movement, as well as a pioneer who experimented with a multitude of materials and techniques. Kepes was introduced to the ‘new vision’ provided by the possibilities of modern art techniques while collaborating alongside Moholy-Nagy. He began to experiment with photograms himself – photographic prints made in the darkroom by placing objects directly onto light sensitive paper and exposing the paper to light. Later, he made prints he called ‘photo-drawings’, in which he applied paint to a glass plate that he then used as though it were a negative. Only a few of Kepes’s works from this earlier period survived the artist’s many moves in the 1930s and the Second World War.

Hedda Sterne, NY, NY No. X  1948

NY, NY No. X is a prime example of Sterne’s works from the late 1940s. As the title suggests, her subject was the bridges and the elevated railways of New York City, which she abstracted into a mass of lines and planes. After arriving from war-torn Europe in 1941, Sterne became associated with the emerging generation of American painters. She was famously the only woman – alongside Jackson Pollock, Mark Rothko and others – in Nina Leen’s 1951 Life magazine photograph of ‘The Irascibles’, abstract artists objecting to the conservatism of the Metropolitan Museum of Art.

Gallery label, October 2016

Juan Gris, Bottle of Rum and Newspaper  1913–14

Like many cubist works, Gris’s painting provides a revised experience of the everyday, whether in the studio or in a familiar café. Glimpsed letters confirm the positions of the two objects: UM for rum, JOUR (of ‘journal’) for the newspaper. A table is indicated by the false wood-graining, a house-painter’s skill much admired by the cubists because it is identifiably an illusion. Gris interweaves these fragmentary images of the familiar into a complex, carefully balanced structure.

Gallery label, August 2013

Amédée Ozenfant, Glasses and Bottles  c.1922–6

Ozenfant applied the principles of classical proportion to everyday, modern subjects. The fluting of the bottles in this painting recalls classical columns, and is echoed in the glasses. The relationships between these objects creates harmony and unity. Ozenfant believed that finding order in the world around us was fundamental to the experience of beauty. He wrote, ‘the greatest human satisfaction is the feeling of collaboration or participation in this order’.

Gallery label, January 2019

Robert Delaunay, Endless Rhythm  1934

The coloured discs strung out diagonally across the picture are so arranged that each one leads on to the next and the movement is directed back again into the picture at the two ends. Perhaps because of this infinitely looping effect, the artist’s wife Sonia considered Endless Rhythm to be the most appropriate title. The year after painting this, Delaunay was commissioned to paint murals for the Aeronautics pavilion at the 1937 Paris International Exhibition; the resulting compositions included discs, rings and colour rhythms on a huge scale.

Gallery label, February 2016

Eileen Agar, Three Symbols  1930

This painting includes structures from three eras: a Greek column, a Gothic cathedral (Notre Dame) and a modern bridge. Agar claimed that this flight of the imagination was the first work in which she began to move towards a more surrealist style. She and her future husband, the writer Joseph Bard, were living in Paris at this time. It was there that they met André Breton and Paul Eluard, who, she later recalled, were among the poets and painters giving the ‘kiss of life’ to surrealism, ‘that sleeping beauty troubled by nightmares’.

Gallery label, November 2016

Iosif Gerasimovich, The Mullah’s Third Wife  1928

Soviet cinema flourished during the 1920s, as Lenin’s New Economic Policy (NEP) replaced the military communism of the Russian Civil War. Cinema poster artists such as Gerasimovich often blended geometric forms with the newly developed technique of photomontage. The Mullah’s Third Wife addresses the struggle for the emancipation of women amongst the Soviet Muslim population. Gerasimovich, working for the state-sponsored production company Sovkino, presents the film by employing the star aesthetics of contemporary western cinematography, which had flooded the Soviet Union during the NEP period.

Gallery label, January 2022

Georgii Stenberg, Vladimir Stenberg, An Ordinary Story  1927

The creative duo Vladimir and Georgii Stenberg are considered to be the most innovative and important poster artists of 1920s Soviet cinema. With backgrounds in abstract painting and construction-making, they created stage sets and costumes for the avant-garde theatre and pioneered photomontage in cinema posters. In 1928 they stated, ‘We have complete freedom in handling the material, without observing any proportions between objects and figures, and between their individual details. In short, we use everything that can captivate any passer-by in his tracks’.

Gallery label, January 2022

Osamu Shiihara, [title not known]  1930s

This photographic work by Japanese photographer Osamu Shiihara is an abstract photogram, made by casting light momentarily on objects placed on photographic paper. The result is an image crossed with white lines, some very sharp and others slightly blurred. There are also three circular shapes in the photograph, two black and one completely white with two concentric rings. Shiihara’s practice was defined by experimentation, and he used a variety of techniques including solarisation, double exposures, photograms and the combination of drawing and photography, which he called photo peinture.

Osamu Shiihara, Shampoo  c.1930

This photographic work by Japanese photographer Osamu Shiihara depicts a woman bending forwards, with her hair covering her face and filling the top left-hand corner of the image. The woman’s upper body is naked and her head is covered in soap suds. Through the technique of solarisation, the toning in the top part of the photograph has been reversed, meaning that the woman’s hair has a silvery sheen. Shiihara’s practice was defined by experimentation, and he used a variety of techniques including solarisation, double exposures, photograms and the combination of drawing and photography, which he called photo peinture.

William Roberts, The Diners  1919

This is one of three decorative ‘panels’ commissioned for the ‘Restaurant de la Tour Eiffel’ in London. All three panels hung in the first floor lobby leading to two private dining rooms, one of which was known as the ‘Vorticist Room’, named after the group of avant garde artists engaged in expressing the dynamic modern world who congregated there.

Gallery label, February 2016

György Kepes, Hand and Magnet Photogram  c.1939–40

This is one of a large group of photograms and studies in modernist photography in Tate’s collection by the Hungarian-born photographer, painter, designer, teacher and writer, Gyorgy Kepes (see Tate P80532–P80568, T13973–T13975). They date from 1938 to the early 1940s and were made in the United States, where Kepes had emigrated in 1937. Kepes made his earliest photograms in Budapest, taking nature as his starting point, directly recording the process without a camera onto photosensitized surfaces. In the late 1920s Kepes joined the Berlin studio of the Hungarian artist and modernist photographer László Moholy-Nagy (1895–1946). Moholy-Nagy had been a teacher at the Bauhaus School in Germany and was one of the principals in promoting the values of the Bauhaus movement, as well as a pioneer who experimented with a multitude of materials and techniques. Kepes was introduced to the ‘new vision’ provided by the possibilities of modern art techniques while collaborating alongside Moholy-Nagy. He began to experiment with photograms himself – photographic prints made in the darkroom by placing objects directly onto light sensitive paper and exposing the paper to light. Later, he made prints he called ‘photo-drawings’, in which he applied paint to a glass plate that he then used as though it were a negative. Only a few of Kepes’s works from this earlier period survived the artist’s many moves in the 1930s and the Second World War.

Dora Maar, Untitled (Sphinx-Hôtel)  1935

Untitled (Sphinx-Hôtel) 1935 is exemplary of Dora Maar’s surrealist-inflected street photography. The black and white photograph depicts a foreshortened view of the Sphinx-Hôtel in Paris as captured from street-level looking up. Each of the building’s windows is filled with guests looking down in the same direction, though it is not made clear at what. One woman is holding binoculars.

Naum Gabo, Monument for an Airport  c.1932–48

Constructivist artist Naum Gabo explored ideas of public art while launching his career in post-revolutionary Russia. He envisaged most of his sculptural projects as public monuments. Fascinated by the idea of civil aviation since early 1920s, Gabo experimented with designs for flying machines, buildings with helipads and monumental projects such as this work. Gabo envisaged this sculpture as a large-scale sculpture for an airport booking-hall or an outdoor monument. Using state-of-the-art materials such as Perspex, marketed in the late 1930s, allowed him to realise his early ideas on a larger scale.

Gallery label, June 2022

Natalia Goncharova, Linen  1913

The Russian inscriptions suggest a launderette sign: Prache is part of the word for laundry, b.s. is an abbreviation for ‘white wash’, and BOT possibly part of the word rabota meaning ‘work’. The iron bears a monogram with the artist’s initials. This painting conveys the bustle of a commercial laundry but can also be seen as a coded commentary on Goncharova’s relationship with her partner, fellow-artist Michel Larionov. The two sides of the work are divided between male (shirts, collars and cuffs) and female (lace, blouses, aprons) items of laundry.

Gallery label, December 2016

Kati Horna, Ascent to the Cathedral, Spanish Civil War, Barcelona, Spain 1937  1937

Ascent to the Cathedral, Spanish Civil War, Barcelona, Spain 1937 is a photographic print that blends three images, created either by a superimposed photomontage technique or the use of a three-negative printing process. The first image, a portrait of a woman, is seamlessly merged with a second image of a brick building with two barred windows and a stairway at the bottom. In bringing the two images together, Horna has created a surreal scene. One of the woman’s eyes peeks through the bars of one of the windows, the upper edge of which becomes her brow. The steps in the lower quarter of the image rise at an angle, suggesting that this gigantesque woman is looking over the stairway.

Fernand Léger, The Acrobat and his Partner  1948

Léger was closely involved with the Peace Movement at the height of the Cold War. Together with Picasso, he attended the Communist-sponsored Peace Congress in Poland in August 1948. The Acrobat and his Partner was completed only months before and captures the circus as a symbol of the energy of modern life and popular entertainment. He wrote of this painting: ‘I work less by reflection than by instinct’. He strove to balance ‘the dynamic and the static.’ Here the partner holding the ladder provides the stability for the energetic movement of the acrobat and his disc.

Gallery label, February 2016